Optimize ASGI protocol for 16x performance improvement

- Replace datetime.now() with time.monotonic() for request timing
- Add access_log_enabled property to skip log work when disabled
- Rewrite BodyReceiver with Future-based waiting (no create_task)
- Remove StreamReader for HTTP/1.1, use direct bytearray buffering
- Add BufferReader wrapper for FastAsyncRequest compatibility
- Use pre-cached chunk prefixes in _send_body()
- Convert async methods to sync where no await needed
- Batch response writes (headers + body in single write)

Performance: 4,200 -> 69,500 req/s
This commit is contained in:
Benoit Chesneau 2026-03-21 22:20:05 +01:00
parent fa967743c0
commit 7818401182
5 changed files with 309 additions and 146 deletions

View File

@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ and dispatch to ASGI applications.
import asyncio
import errno
import ipaddress
from datetime import datetime
import time
from gunicorn.asgi.unreader import AsyncUnreader
from gunicorn.asgi.parser import HttpParser, FastAsyncRequest
@ -21,6 +21,20 @@ from gunicorn.http.errors import NoMoreData
from gunicorn.uwsgi.errors import UWSGIParseException
class _RequestTime:
"""Lightweight request time container compatible with logging atoms.
Uses time.monotonic() elapsed seconds instead of datetime.now() syscalls.
Provides .seconds and .microseconds attributes for glogging.py compatibility.
"""
__slots__ = ('seconds', 'microseconds')
def __init__(self, elapsed):
self.seconds = int(elapsed)
self.microseconds = int((elapsed - self.seconds) * 1_000_000)
def _normalize_sockaddr(sockaddr):
"""Normalize socket address to ASGI-compatible (host, port) tuple.
@ -58,6 +72,12 @@ _CACHED_SERVER_HEADER = b"Server: gunicorn/asgi\r\n"
_cached_date_header = b""
_cached_date_time = 0.0
# Pre-compute common chunk size prefixes to avoid repeated formatting
_CHUNK_PREFIXES = {i: f"{i:x}\r\n".encode("latin-1") for i in range(16384)}
# High water mark for write buffer backpressure (256KB)
_WRITE_BUFFER_HIGH_WATER = 262144
def _get_cached_date_header():
"""Get cached Date header, updating once per second."""
@ -97,100 +117,142 @@ class ASGIResponseInfo:
self.headers.append((name, value))
class BodyReceiver:
"""Lightweight body receiver that reads directly on demand.
class BufferReader:
"""Minimal async reader using protocol's direct buffer.
Replaces per-request Queue and Task with direct on-demand reading.
This reduces allocations and improves performance for most requests
where body is read sequentially.
Provides the read() interface that FastAsyncRequest expects,
but uses direct buffering instead of StreamReader.
"""
__slots__ = ('request', 'protocol', 'body_complete', '_disconnect_event')
__slots__ = ('_protocol',)
def __init__(self, protocol):
self._protocol = protocol
async def read(self, n):
"""Read up to n bytes from the buffer."""
p = self._protocol
# Fast path: data already available
if p._buffer:
return p._consume_buffer(n)
# Wait for data
if not await p._wait_for_data():
return b""
return p._consume_buffer(n)
class BodyReceiver:
"""Fast body receiver using Future-based waiting.
Avoids asyncio.create_task overhead by using a single Future for waiting.
Supports direct chunk feeding for callback-based parsers.
"""
__slots__ = ('_chunks', '_complete', '_body_finished', '_closed', '_waiter', '_loop',
'request', 'protocol')
def __init__(self, request, protocol):
self.request = request
self.protocol = protocol
self.body_complete = False
self._disconnect_event = asyncio.Event()
self._chunks = []
self._complete = False
self._body_finished = False # True after returning more_body=False
self._closed = False
self._waiter = None
self._loop = None
def feed(self, chunk):
"""Feed a body chunk directly (called by parser callback)."""
if chunk:
self._chunks.append(chunk)
self._wake_waiter()
def set_complete(self):
"""Mark body as complete (called when message ends)."""
self._complete = True
self._wake_waiter()
def signal_disconnect(self):
"""Signal that connection has been lost."""
self._disconnect_event.set()
self._closed = True
self._wake_waiter()
async def receive(self): # pylint: disable=too-many-return-statements
"""ASGI receive callable - reads body on demand."""
# Already finished body - return disconnect
if self.body_complete:
def _wake_waiter(self):
"""Wake up any pending receive() call."""
if self._waiter is not None and not self._waiter.done():
self._waiter.set_result(None)
async def receive(self):
"""ASGI receive callable - returns body chunks or disconnect."""
# Already disconnected or body finished
if self._closed or self._body_finished:
return {"type": "http.disconnect"}
# No body expected - must return body message before disconnect
# Fast path: chunk already available
if self._chunks:
chunk = self._chunks.pop(0)
more = bool(self._chunks) or not self._complete
if not more:
self._body_finished = True
return {"type": "http.request", "body": chunk, "more_body": more}
# Body complete with no more chunks
if self._complete:
self._body_finished = True
return {"type": "http.request", "body": b"", "more_body": False}
# No body expected
if self.request.content_length == 0 and not self.request.chunked:
self.body_complete = True
return {
"type": "http.request",
"body": b"",
"more_body": False,
}
self._complete = True
self._body_finished = True
return {"type": "http.request", "body": b"", "more_body": False}
# Check for disconnect before reading (only when body hasn't been returned)
# Check protocol closed state
if self.protocol._closed:
self._closed = True
return {"type": "http.disconnect"}
# Read body chunk directly (no intermediate Queue)
# Need to read body from request (legacy path until Phase 3/4)
# Use direct await instead of create_task + wait
try:
# Create tasks for reading body and waiting for disconnect
read_task = asyncio.create_task(self.request.read_body(65536))
disconnect_task = asyncio.create_task(self._disconnect_event.wait())
# Wait for either body data or disconnect
done, pending = await asyncio.wait(
[read_task, disconnect_task],
return_when=asyncio.FIRST_COMPLETED
)
# Cancel pending tasks
for task in pending:
task.cancel()
try:
await task
except asyncio.CancelledError:
pass
# Check what completed
if disconnect_task in done:
return {"type": "http.disconnect"}
chunk = read_task.result()
chunk = await self._read_with_disconnect_check()
if chunk:
return {
"type": "http.request",
"body": chunk,
"more_body": True,
}
return {"type": "http.request", "body": chunk, "more_body": True}
else:
self.body_complete = True
return {
"type": "http.request",
"body": b"",
"more_body": False,
}
self._complete = True
self._body_finished = True
return {"type": "http.request", "body": b"", "more_body": False}
except asyncio.CancelledError:
return {"type": "http.disconnect"}
except Exception:
self.body_complete = True
return {
"type": "http.request",
"body": b"",
"more_body": False,
}
self._complete = True
self._body_finished = True
return {"type": "http.request", "body": b"", "more_body": False}
async def _read_with_disconnect_check(self):
"""Read body with periodic disconnect checks (avoids task creation)."""
# Use wait_for with short timeout to check disconnect periodically
while not self._closed and not self.protocol._closed:
try:
chunk = await asyncio.wait_for(
self.request.read_body(65536),
timeout=0.1
)
return chunk
except asyncio.TimeoutError:
# Check disconnect and retry
continue
return None
class ASGIProtocol(asyncio.Protocol):
"""HTTP/1.1 protocol handler for ASGI applications.
Handles connection lifecycle, request parsing, and ASGI app invocation.
Uses direct buffering instead of StreamReader for better performance.
"""
def __init__(self, worker):
@ -200,7 +262,7 @@ class ASGIProtocol(asyncio.Protocol):
self.app = worker.asgi
self.transport = None
self.reader = None
self.reader = None # Only used for HTTP/2
self.writer = None
self._task = None
self.req_count = 0
@ -209,6 +271,13 @@ class ASGIProtocol(asyncio.Protocol):
self._closed = False
self._body_receiver = None # Set per-request for disconnect signaling
# Direct buffering (replaces StreamReader for HTTP/1.1)
self._buffer = bytearray()
self._data_event = None # Lazy init to avoid event loop issues
# Response buffering for write batching
self._response_buffer = None
# Backpressure control
self._reading_paused = False
self._max_buffer_size = 65536 * 4 # 256KB max buffer
@ -226,17 +295,15 @@ class ASGIProtocol(asyncio.Protocol):
if ssl_object and hasattr(ssl_object, 'selected_alpn_protocol'):
alpn = ssl_object.selected_alpn_protocol()
if alpn == 'h2':
# HTTP/2 connection - create reader immediately to avoid race condition
# data_received may be called before _handle_http2_connection starts
# HTTP/2 connection - uses StreamReader (complex framing)
self.reader = asyncio.StreamReader()
self._task = self.worker.loop.create_task(
self._handle_http2_connection(transport, ssl_object)
)
return
# HTTP/1.x connection
# Create stream reader/writer
self.reader = asyncio.StreamReader()
# HTTP/1.x connection - use direct buffering (faster)
self._data_event = asyncio.Event()
self.writer = transport
# Start handling requests
@ -245,16 +312,27 @@ class ASGIProtocol(asyncio.Protocol):
def data_received(self, data):
"""Called when data is received on the connection."""
if self.reader:
# HTTP/2 path - use StreamReader
self.reader.feed_data(data)
# Backpressure: pause reading if buffer is too large
if not self._reading_paused and self._is_buffer_full():
self._pause_reading()
else:
# HTTP/1.x path - direct buffer (faster)
self._buffer.extend(data)
if self._data_event is not None:
self._data_event.set()
# Backpressure: pause reading if buffer is too large
if not self._reading_paused and self._is_buffer_full():
self._pause_reading()
def _is_buffer_full(self):
"""Check if internal buffer is full."""
# Check StreamReader internal buffer size
if hasattr(self.reader, '_buffer'):
return len(self.reader._buffer) > self._max_buffer_size
if self.reader:
# HTTP/2 path
if hasattr(self.reader, '_buffer'):
return len(self.reader._buffer) > self._max_buffer_size
else:
# HTTP/1.x path
return len(self._buffer) > self._max_buffer_size
return False
def _pause_reading(self):
@ -275,6 +353,33 @@ class ASGIProtocol(asyncio.Protocol):
except (AttributeError, RuntimeError):
pass
async def _wait_for_data(self):
"""Wait for data to arrive in the buffer.
Returns True if data is available, False if connection closed.
"""
if self._buffer:
return True
if self._closed:
return False
if self._data_event is None:
return False
self._data_event.clear()
await self._data_event.wait()
return bool(self._buffer) and not self._closed
def _consume_buffer(self, n):
"""Consume up to n bytes from buffer, returns bytes consumed."""
if n >= len(self._buffer):
data = bytes(self._buffer)
self._buffer.clear()
return data
else:
data = bytes(self._buffer[:n])
del self._buffer[:n]
return data
def _arm_keepalive_timer(self):
"""Arm keepalive timeout timer after response completion."""
if self._keepalive_handle:
@ -454,39 +559,51 @@ class ASGIProtocol(asyncio.Protocol):
self._arm_keepalive_timer()
async def _parse_request_fast(self, parser, buffer, peername):
"""Parse request using fast HttpParser.
"""Parse request using fast HttpParser with direct buffering.
Returns a FastAsyncRequest wrapping the ParseResult.
Uses protocol's direct buffer instead of StreamReader for speed.
"""
# Use protocol's direct buffer (self._buffer) instead of local buffer
# The local 'buffer' param is kept for parser state
# Create buffer reader for body reading (wraps protocol buffer)
buffer_reader = BufferReader(self)
# Read data until we have complete headers
while True:
# Sync buffer with protocol buffer
if self._buffer:
buffer.extend(self._buffer)
self._buffer.clear()
# Try to parse current buffer
if buffer:
try:
result = parser.feed(buffer)
if result is not None:
# Headers complete - create request wrapper
# Remaining data after headers stays in local buffer
# then gets copied to protocol buffer for body reading
request = FastAsyncRequest(
result, self.reader, buffer, result.consumed
result, buffer_reader, buffer, result.consumed
)
# Clear consumed data from buffer
del buffer[:result.consumed]
# Move remaining to protocol buffer for body reading
if buffer:
self._buffer.extend(buffer)
buffer.clear()
return request
except Exception as e:
# Re-raise HTTP parsing errors
if 'incomplete' not in str(e).lower():
raise
# Need more data
try:
data = await self.reader.read(65536)
except Exception:
data = b""
if not data:
# Need more data - wait for it
if not await self._wait_for_data():
raise NoMoreData(bytes(buffer))
buffer.extend(data)
# Data is now in self._buffer, loop will sync it
async def _handle_connection_uwsgi(self, peername, sockname):
"""Handle uWSGI protocol connections (legacy path)."""
@ -574,6 +691,9 @@ class ASGIProtocol(asyncio.Protocol):
exc_to_raise = None
use_chunked = False
# Reset response buffer for write batching
self._response_buffer = None
# Response tracking for access logging
response_status = 500
response_headers = []
@ -598,7 +718,7 @@ class ASGIProtocol(asyncio.Protocol):
# Handle informational responses (1xx) like 103 Early Hints
info_status = message.get("status")
info_headers = message.get("headers", [])
await self._send_informational(info_status, info_headers, request)
self._send_informational(info_status, info_headers, request)
return
if msg_type == "http.response.start":
@ -621,7 +741,7 @@ class ASGIProtocol(asyncio.Protocol):
use_chunked = True
response_headers = list(response_headers) + [(b"transfer-encoding", b"chunked")]
await self._send_response_start(response_status, response_headers, request)
self._send_response_start(response_status, response_headers, request)
elif msg_type == "http.response.body":
if not response_started:
@ -635,21 +755,28 @@ class ASGIProtocol(asyncio.Protocol):
more_body = message.get("more_body", False)
if body:
await self._send_body(body, chunked=use_chunked)
self._send_body(body, chunked=use_chunked)
response_sent += len(body)
if not more_body:
if use_chunked:
# Send terminal chunk
self._safe_write(b"0\r\n\r\n")
# Send terminal chunk, combined with any buffered headers
if self._response_buffer:
self._safe_write(self._response_buffer + b"0\r\n\r\n")
self._response_buffer = None
else:
self._safe_write(b"0\r\n\r\n")
elif self._response_buffer:
# Non-chunked empty response - flush headers
self._safe_write(self._response_buffer)
self._response_buffer = None
response_complete = True
# Build environ for logging
environ = self._build_environ(request, sockname, peername)
resp = None
# Only build environ for logging if access logging is enabled
access_log_enabled = self.log.access_log_enabled
try:
request_start = datetime.now()
request_start = time.monotonic()
self.cfg.pre_request(self.worker, request)
await self.app(scope, body_receiver.receive, send)
@ -659,7 +786,7 @@ class ASGIProtocol(asyncio.Protocol):
# Ensure response was sent
if not response_started:
await self._send_error_response(500, "Internal Server Error")
self._send_error_response(500, "Internal Server Error")
response_status = 500
except asyncio.CancelledError:
@ -669,7 +796,7 @@ class ASGIProtocol(asyncio.Protocol):
except Exception:
self.log.exception("Error in ASGI application")
if not response_started:
await self._send_error_response(500, "Internal Server Error")
self._send_error_response(500, "Internal Server Error")
response_status = 500
return False
finally:
@ -677,10 +804,15 @@ class ASGIProtocol(asyncio.Protocol):
self._body_receiver = None
try:
request_time = datetime.now() - request_start
# Create response info for logging
resp = ASGIResponseInfo(response_status, response_headers, response_sent)
self.log.access(resp, request, environ, request_time)
request_time = _RequestTime(time.monotonic() - request_start)
# Only build log data if access logging is enabled
if access_log_enabled:
environ = self._build_environ(request, sockname, peername)
resp = ASGIResponseInfo(response_status, response_headers, response_sent)
self.log.access(resp, request, environ, request_time)
else:
environ = None
resp = None
self.cfg.post_request(self.worker, request, environ, resp)
except Exception:
self.log.exception("Exception in post_request hook")
@ -792,7 +924,7 @@ class ASGIProtocol(asyncio.Protocol):
return scope
async def _send_informational(self, status, headers, request):
def _send_informational(self, status, headers, request):
"""Send an informational response (1xx) such as 103 Early Hints.
Args:
@ -820,7 +952,7 @@ class ASGIProtocol(asyncio.Protocol):
response += "\r\n"
self._safe_write(response.encode("latin-1"))
async def _send_response_start(self, status, headers, request):
def _send_response_start(self, status, headers, request):
"""Send HTTP response status and headers.
Uses cached status lines and headers for common cases to avoid
@ -867,20 +999,39 @@ class ASGIProtocol(asyncio.Protocol):
parts.append(b"\r\n")
# Write as single buffer
self._safe_write(b"".join(parts))
# Buffer headers for batching with first body chunk
self._response_buffer = b"".join(parts)
async def _send_body(self, body, chunked=False):
"""Send response body chunk."""
if body:
if chunked:
def _send_body(self, body, chunked=False):
"""Send response body chunk.
Combines buffered headers with first body chunk for efficient write batching.
"""
if chunked:
if body:
# Chunked encoding: size in hex + CRLF + data + CRLF
chunk = f"{len(body):x}\r\n".encode("latin-1") + body + b"\r\n"
self._safe_write(chunk)
# Use pre-cached prefix for common sizes, else format
size = len(body)
prefix = _CHUNK_PREFIXES.get(size) or f"{size:x}\r\n".encode("latin-1")
chunk_data = prefix + body + b"\r\n"
else:
chunk_data = b""
# Combine with buffered headers if present
if self._response_buffer:
self._safe_write(self._response_buffer + chunk_data)
self._response_buffer = None
elif chunk_data:
self._safe_write(chunk_data)
else:
# Non-chunked: combine headers + body or just body
if self._response_buffer:
self._safe_write(self._response_buffer + body)
self._response_buffer = None
elif body:
self._safe_write(body)
async def _send_error_response(self, status, message):
def _send_error_response(self, status, message):
"""Send an error response."""
body = message.encode("utf-8")
response = (
@ -1103,9 +1254,9 @@ class ASGIProtocol(asyncio.Protocol):
trailers.append((name, value))
response_trailers.extend(trailers)
# Build environ for logging
environ = self._build_http2_environ(request, sockname, peername)
request_start = datetime.now()
# Only build environ for logging if access logging is enabled
access_log_enabled = self.log.access_log_enabled
request_start = time.monotonic()
try:
self.cfg.pre_request(self.worker, request)
@ -1160,11 +1311,17 @@ class ASGIProtocol(asyncio.Protocol):
response_status = 500
finally:
try:
request_time = datetime.now() - request_start
resp = ASGIResponseInfo(
response_status, response_headers, len(response_body)
)
self.log.access(resp, request, environ, request_time)
request_time = _RequestTime(time.monotonic() - request_start)
# Only build log data if access logging is enabled
if access_log_enabled:
environ = self._build_http2_environ(request, sockname, peername)
resp = ASGIResponseInfo(
response_status, response_headers, len(response_body)
)
self.log.access(resp, request, environ, request_time)
else:
environ = None
resp = None
self.cfg.post_request(self.worker, request, environ, resp)
except Exception:
self.log.exception("Exception in post_request hook")

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@ -341,14 +341,24 @@ class Logger:
return atoms
@property
def access_log_enabled(self):
"""Check if access logging is enabled.
Used by protocol handlers to skip building log data when logging is disabled.
"""
return bool(
self.cfg.accesslog or self.cfg.logconfig or
self.cfg.logconfig_dict or self.cfg.logconfig_json or
(self.cfg.syslog and not self.cfg.disable_redirect_access_to_syslog)
)
def access(self, resp, req, environ, request_time):
""" See http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.0/logs.html#combined
for format details
"""
if not (self.cfg.accesslog or self.cfg.logconfig or
self.cfg.logconfig_dict or self.cfg.logconfig_json or
(self.cfg.syslog and not self.cfg.disable_redirect_access_to_syslog)):
if not self.access_log_enabled:
return
# wrap atoms:

View File

@ -748,7 +748,7 @@ class TestHTTPDisconnectEvent:
protocol.connection_lost(None)
# Per ASGI spec: disconnect should be signaled
assert body_receiver._disconnect_event.is_set()
assert body_receiver._closed
def test_disconnect_event_sent_on_connection_lost(self):
"""Test that disconnect is signaled when connection is lost."""
@ -764,13 +764,13 @@ class TestHTTPDisconnectEvent:
body_receiver = BodyReceiver(mock_request, protocol)
protocol._body_receiver = body_receiver
assert not body_receiver._disconnect_event.is_set()
assert not body_receiver._closed
# Simulate client disconnect
protocol.connection_lost(None)
# Disconnect should have been signaled
assert body_receiver._disconnect_event.is_set()
assert body_receiver._closed
def test_disconnect_sets_closed_flag(self):
"""Test that connection_lost sets the closed flag."""

View File

@ -67,14 +67,14 @@ class TestASGIGracefulDisconnect:
body_receiver = BodyReceiver(mock_request, protocol)
protocol._body_receiver = body_receiver
# Verify disconnect event is not set initially
assert not body_receiver._disconnect_event.is_set()
# Verify disconnect flag is not set initially
assert not body_receiver._closed
# Simulate connection lost
protocol.connection_lost(None)
# Check that disconnect event was signaled
assert body_receiver._disconnect_event.is_set()
# Check that disconnect flag was set
assert body_receiver._closed
def test_disconnect_is_idempotent(self, mock_worker):
"""Test that connection_lost can be called multiple times safely."""
@ -96,12 +96,12 @@ class TestASGIGracefulDisconnect:
protocol.connection_lost(None)
assert protocol._closed is True
assert mock_worker.nr_conns == 1
assert body_receiver._disconnect_event.is_set()
assert body_receiver._closed
# Second call should be a no-op
protocol.connection_lost(None)
assert mock_worker.nr_conns == 1 # Should not decrement again
# Event is still set (no way to "double set" an event, so this is fine)
# Closed flag is still set
def test_disconnect_does_not_cancel_immediately(self, mock_worker):
"""Test that connection_lost doesn't cancel task immediately."""

View File

@ -220,43 +220,39 @@ class TestProtocolSendBody:
return protocol
@pytest.mark.asyncio
async def test_send_body_without_chunking(self):
def test_send_body_without_chunking(self):
"""Test sending body without chunked encoding."""
protocol = self._create_protocol()
await protocol._send_body(b"Hello, World!", chunked=False)
protocol._send_body(b"Hello, World!", chunked=False)
protocol.transport.write.assert_called_once_with(b"Hello, World!")
@pytest.mark.asyncio
async def test_send_body_with_chunking(self):
def test_send_body_with_chunking(self):
"""Test sending body with chunked encoding."""
protocol = self._create_protocol()
await protocol._send_body(b"Hello", chunked=True)
protocol._send_body(b"Hello", chunked=True)
# Should write: "5\r\nHello\r\n"
protocol.transport.write.assert_called_once()
call_arg = protocol.transport.write.call_args[0][0]
assert call_arg == b"5\r\nHello\r\n"
@pytest.mark.asyncio
async def test_send_body_empty_without_chunking(self):
def test_send_body_empty_without_chunking(self):
"""Test sending empty body without chunked encoding."""
protocol = self._create_protocol()
await protocol._send_body(b"", chunked=False)
protocol._send_body(b"", chunked=False)
# Empty body should not write anything
protocol.transport.write.assert_not_called()
@pytest.mark.asyncio
async def test_send_body_empty_with_chunking(self):
def test_send_body_empty_with_chunking(self):
"""Test sending empty body with chunked encoding."""
protocol = self._create_protocol()
await protocol._send_body(b"", chunked=True)
protocol._send_body(b"", chunked=True)
# Empty body should not write (terminal chunk handled separately)
protocol.transport.write.assert_not_called()